Nilgiri Tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius) is an endemic and threatened mammal of Western Ghats and it is the only species of caprinae ungulates that is endemic to tropical mountains and a Pleistocene relic in the Western Ghats. Recent published reports show that the global population of the species has declined from 50,000–100,000 animals, during the British era to present 2000 animals in Western Ghats. The population has been reported as highly fragmented and is present as 18 isolated populations with an estimated individual population strength range from 10 to 750. Recently researchers raised doubt about further fragmentation into 50 -60 populations and the population status of most of these isolated populations are unknown and considering the fragmentation they can be at the brink of local extinction. The project aims to carry out detailed census of Nilgiri Tahr in the Southern Western Ghats to identify population status of all fragmented populations; to document population or site specific conservation threats to the species with the nature and intensity and prepare a long term conservation and management plan for the species in the region.